Use of Doppler Ultrasound for Saphenous Vein Mapping to Obtain Grafts for Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting.

INTRODUCTION: The great saphenous vein is widely used as a graft in coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. Complications due to saphenous vein harvesting can be minimized when using ultrasonography mapping and marking. OBJECTIVE: To analyze by clinical trial the use of vascular ultrasonography to map the saphenous vein in coronary artery bypass grafting to determine viability and dissection site. METHODS: A total of 151 consecutive patients submitted to coronary artery bypass surgery with the use of the great saphenous vein as a graft were selected for this prospective study. They were divided into two groups: Group 1 - 84 patients were submitted to ultrasonographic mapping and marking of the saphenous vein; Group 2 - 67 patients had saphenous vein harvested without any previous study. Both groups were coupled with follow-up on the 1st, 5th and 30th postoperative days. Primary endpoints were need for incision of the contralateral leg and wound complications within 30 days. RESULTS: Both legs had to be incised in 6 (8.95%) patients from Group 2 (P=0.0067). Wound complications occurred in 33 (23.4%) patients within 30 days, 21 (35%) from Group 2 e 12 (14.8%) from Group 1 (OR 3.095, 1.375-6.944, CI 95%, P=0.008). Within 30 days there were 4 (2.8%) deaths, all in Group 2 (P=0.036). CONCLUSION: The use of vascular ultrasonography for mapping of the great saphenous vein in coronary artery bypass surgery has properly identified and evaluated the saphenous vein, significantly reducing wound complications and unnecessary incisions. It would be advisable to use this noninvasive and easy to use method routinely in coronary artery bypass surgery.

Use of doppler ultrasound for saphenous vein mapping to obtain grafts for coronary artery bypass grafting

Abstract Introduction: The great saphenous vein is widely used as a graft in coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. Complications due to saphenous vein harvesting can be minimized when using ultrasonography mapping and marking. Objective: To analyze by clinical trial the use of vascular ultrasonography to map the saphenous vein in coronary artery bypass grafting to determine viability and dissection site. Methods: A total of 151 consecutive patients submitted to coronary artery bypass surgery with the use of the great saphenous vein as a graft were selected for this prospective study. They were divided into two groups: Group 1 - 84 patients were submitted to ultrasonographic mapping and marking of the saphenous vein; Group 2 - 67 patients had saphenous vein harvested without any previous study. Both groups were coupled with follow-up on the 1st, 5th and 30th postoperative days. Primary endpoints were need for incision of the contralateral leg and wound complications within 30 days. Results: Both legs had to be incised in 6 (8.95%) patients from Group 2 (P=0.0067). Wound complications occurred in 33 (23.4%) patients within 30 days, 21 (35%) from Group 2 e 12 (14.8%) from Group 1 (OR 3.095, 1.375-6.944, CI 95%, P=0.008). Within 30 days there were 4 (2.8%) deaths, all in Group 2 (P=0.036). Conclusion: The use of vascular ultrasonography for mapping of the great saphenous vein in coronary artery bypass surgery has properly identified and evaluated the saphenous vein, significantly reducing wound complications and unnecessary incisions. It would be advisable to use this noninvasive and easy to use method routinely in coronary artery bypass surgery.

Sepsis in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery: problem description.

BACKGROUND: In spite of the advances in sepsis diagnosis and treatment in the last years, the morbidity and mortality are still high. OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence, in-hospital evolution and prognosis of patients that presented sepsis in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery. METHODS: This is a prospective study that included patients (n = 7,332) submitted to cardiac surgery (valvular or coronary) between January 1995 and December 2007. The classic criteria of sepsis diagnosis were used to identify the patients that developed such condition and the preoperative comorbidities, in-hospital evolution and prognosis were evaluated. RESULTS: Sepsis occurred in 29 patients (prevalence = 0.39%). There was a predominance of the male when compared to the female sex (79% vs. 21%). Mean age was 69 +/- 6.5 years. The main preoperative comorbidities were: systemic arterial hypertension (79%), dyslipidemia (48%) and family history of coronary artery disease (38%). The mean Apache score was 18 +/- 7, whereas the Sofa score was 14.2 +/- 3.8. The primary infectious focus was pulmonary in 19 patients (55%). There were 19 positive cultures and the mean IV hydration during the first 24 hours was 1,016 +/- 803 ml. The main complications were acute renal failure (65%), low cardiac output syndrome (55%) and malignant ventricular arrhythmia (55%). Mortality was 79% (23 patients). CONCLUSION: The occurrence of sepsis after cardiac surgery was a rare event; however, its occurrence showed catastrophic clinical outcomes. The high morbidity and mortality showed the need to improve treatment, aiming at patients' better clinical evolution.

Fibrilação atrial no pós-operatório de cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio: da prevenção à morbimortalidade: registro de mundo real / Atrial fibrillation in the postoperative period of coronary artery bypass grafting: from prevention to morbidity and mortality: real world registry

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A prevalência de fibrilação atrial (FA) no pós-operatório de cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio (CRM) varia de 20% a 40%. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a prevalência de FA sintomática após CRM e descrever o perfil clínico e a evolução hospitalar dos pacientes com essa arritmia.MÉTODO: Estudo de coorte, longitudinal, observacional, retrospectivo, descritivo realizado a partir de informações de um registro de mundo real de 5.330 pacientes, submetidos à CRM eletiva no período de janeiro de 1995 a abril de 2009. Avaliaram-se a prevalência de FA sintomática no pós-operatório de CRM, o perfil clínico e a evolução hospitalar dos pacientes.RESULTADOS: A prevalência de FA sintomática no pós-operatório foi 6,3% (493), sendo 78% do sexo masculino, e 22% do sexo feminino. A idade média foi 68 ± 9 anos. As principais comorbidades pré-operatórias foram: hipertensão arterial sistêmica (76%), dislipidemia (51%), infarto do miocárdio prévio (40%), tabagismo (35%), diabetes mellitus (32%), CRM prévia (18%), intervenção coronariana percutânea prévia (12%). As principais complicações hospitalares observadas foram: insuficiência cardíaca (13%), ventilação mecânica prolongada (12%), insuficiência renal aguda (11%), acidente vascular encefálico (9,3%), infarto agudo do miocárdio (5,5%), sangramento aumentado (4%). O tempo de permanência na unidade de terapia intensiva foi 16 ± 15 dias e a mortalidade hospitalar de 6%.CONCLUSÃO: Na população estudada a prevalência de FA foi menor do que a referida classicamente na literatura. Os pacientes com FA eram idosos, a maioria do sexo masculino, hipertensos e dislipidêmicos. A mortalidade hospitalar foi elevada, sugerindo ser esse um subgrupo de maior risco.(AU)

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF) in postoperative period of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) ranges between 20% and 40%. AF increases morbidity and mortality after CABG. This objective of study to evaluate the prevalence of symptomatic AF in postoperative period of CABG, and describe the demographic data, morbidity and mortality of patients who presented this type of arrhythmia.METHOD: This is observational cohort study, which was made from information of our institutional registry of AF after CABG. This registry have enrolled 5,330 patients underwent CABG between January 1995 and April 2009. We evaluate the in-hospitalar prevalence of symptomatic AF, demographic data, morbidity and mortality of the patients.RESULTS: The inhospital prevalence of symptomatic atrial fibrillation was 6.3% (493 patients). There were more men (78%) than women (22%) and the mean age was 68 ± 9 years. The analysis of demographic data showed: high blood pressure (76%), dyslipidemia (51%), previous myocardium infarction (40%), smoking (35%), diabetes mellitus (32%), previous CABG (18%), previous percutaneous coronary intervention (12%). The most common adverse events were: heart failure (13%), prolonged mechanical ventilation (12%), acute renal failure (11%), stroke (9.3%), acute myocardial infarction (5.5%), and increased bleeding (4%). The mean time at intensive care unit was 16 ± 15 days. The inhospital mortality was 6%.CONCLUSION: The prevalence of atrial fibrillation inhospital period of CABG was low and less than the classical data of literature. Patients who presented AF were male, older, with systemic arterial hypertension and dyslipidemia.(AU)

Sepse no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca: descrição do problema / Sepsis in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery: problem description

FUNDAMENTOS: A despeito do avanço no diagnóstico e na terapêutica da sepse nos últimos anos, a morbidade e mortalidade são elevadas. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência, a evolução hospitalar e o prognóstico de pacientes que apresentaram sepse no pós- operatório de cirurgia cardíaca. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um registro prospectivo que incluiu pacientes (n = 7.332) submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca (valvar ou coronariana) entre janeiro de 1995 e dezembro de 2007. Utilizamos os critérios clássicos de diagnóstico de sepse para identificar os pacientes que evoluíram com tal enfermidade e avaliamos as comorbidades pré-operatórias, a evolução hospitalar e o prognóstico. RESULTADOS: A sepse ocorreu em 29 pacientes (prevalência = 0,39 por cento). O sexo masculino predominou sobre o feminino (79 por cento vs. 21 por cento). A idade média foi de 69 ± 6,5 anos. As principais comorbidades pré-operatórias eram: hipertensão arterial sistêmica (79 por cento), dislipidemia (48 por cento) e antecedente familiar de doença arterial coronariana (38 por cento). O índice Apache médio foi de 18 ± 7, enquanto o Sofa indicou 14,2 ± 3,8. O foco infeccioso primário foi pulmonar em 19 pacientes (55 por cento). Houve 19 culturas positivas, e a média de hidratação endovenosa nas primeiras 24 horas foi de 1.016 ± 803 ml. As principais complicações foram: insuficiência renal aguda (65 por cento), síndrome de baixo débito cardíaco (55 por cento) e arritmia ventricular maligna (55 por cento). A mortalidade foi de 79 por cento (23 pacientes). CONCLUSÃO: A sepse após cirurgia cardíaca foi um evento raro, porém com desfechos clínicos catastróficos. O índice elevado de morbidade e mortalidade revelou a necessidade de um aprimoramento no tratamento, visando melhorar a evolução clínica dos pacientes.

BACKGROUND: In spite of the advances in sepsis diagnosis and treatment in the last years, the morbidity and mortality are still high. OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence, in-hospital evolution and prognosis of patients that presented sepsis in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery. METHODS: This is a prospective study that included patients (n = 7,332) submitted to cardiac surgery (valvular or coronary) between January 1995 and December 2007. The classic criteria of sepsis diagnosis were used to identify the patients that developed such condition and the preoperative comorbidities, in-hospital evolution and prognosis were evaluated. RESULTS: Sepsis occurred in 29 patients (prevalence = 0.39 percent). There was a predominance of the male when compared to the female sex (79 percent vs. 21 percent). Mean age was 69 ± 6.5 years. The main preoperative comorbidities were: systemic arterial hypertension (79 percent), dyslipidemia (48 percent) and family history of coronary artery disease (38 percent). The mean Apache score was 18 ± 7, whereas the Sofa score was 14.2 ± 3.8. The primary infectious focus was pulmonary in 19 patients (55 percent). There were 19 positive cultures and the mean IV hydration during the first 24 hours was 1,016 ± 803 ml. The main complications were acute renal failure (65 percent), low cardiac output syndrome (55 percent) and malignant ventricular arrhythmia (55 percent). Mortality was 79 percent (23 patients). CONCLUSION: The occurrence of sepsis after cardiac surgery was a rare event; however, its occurrence showed catastrophic clinical outcomes. The high morbidity and mortality showed the need to improve treatment, aiming at patients' better clinical evolution.

Prevalence and surgical approach of supravalvular pulmonary stenosis after Jatene operation for transposition of great arteries.

BACKGROUND: The Transposition of the Great Arteries is the most frequent congenital cyanogenic cardiopathy in the neonatal period, corresponding to 7% of all congenital cardiopathies. Among the operations for surgical treatment, the Jatene operation, with arterial correction, is the treatment of choice. During the late postoperative evolution, some problems were observed, with the most common being the occurrence of supravalvular stenosis at the neopulmonary, regardless of the type of surgical technique used. OBJECTIVE: To study and analyze the prevalence of stenosis, as well as describe the surgical treatment and propose technical maneuvers to prevent its onset. METHODS: Of the 553 patients that underwent surgery, 409 were discharged from the hospital and 281 had late follow-up; 59 (20.9%) presented different degrees of supravalvular pulmonary stenosis and 21 had a mean gradient > 60 mmHg, needing surgical treatment. Depending on the location and anatomy of the stenosis, the surgical treatment consisted of the use of different techniques, such as the enlargement of stenosis areas with bovine pericardium patches, resection of stenotic areas and termino-terminal anastomosis, replacement of retracted patches and synthetic tubes. RESULTS: Twenty patients presented good evolution and only one patient died. CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that the supravalvular pulmonary stenosis, post-Jatene operation for Transposition of Great Arteries, had a prevalence of 20.9%; once identified and with indication for treatment, it can be treated surgically with low mortality levels, through different surgical techniques; to prevent the occurrence of stenosis, ample dissection and release of the pulmonary branches, double anastomoses, large patches of autologous pericardium and careful reconstruction of the aorta are proposed, which prevents the compression of the neopulmonary.

Prevalência e abordagem cirúrgica da estenose supravalvar pulmonar pós-operação de jatene para transposição das grandes artérias / Prevalence and surgical approach of supravalvular pulmonary stenosis after jatene operation for transposition of great arteries

FUNDAMENTO: A transposição das grandes artérias é a cardiopatia congênita cianogênica mais freqüente no período neonatal, correspondendo a 7 por cento de todas as cardiopatias congênitas. Dentre as operações para tratamento cirúrgico, a operação de Jatene, com correção arterial, é o tratamento escolhido. Durante a evolução pós-operatória tardia, alguns problemas foram observados, sendo o mais comum a ocorrência de estenose supravalvar na neopulmonar, independentemente do tipo da técnica cirúrgica utilizada. OBJETIVO: Estudar e analisar a prevalência da estenose, bem como descrever o tratamento cirúrgico e propor manobras técnicas para prevenir seu aparecimento. MÉTODOS: Dentre 553 pacientes operados, 409 tiveram alta hospitalar e 281 seguidos tardiamente; 59 (20,9 por cento) apresentaram diferentes graus de estenose supravalvar pulmonar e 21 gradiente médio superior a 60 mmHg, necessitando tratamento cirúrgico. Dependendo da localização e da anatomia da estenose, o tratamento cirúrgico constou de aplicação de diferentes técnicas, como ampliação das áreas de estenose com remendos de pericárdio bovino, ressecção de áreas estenóticas e anastomose término-terminal, substituição de remendos retraídos e de tubos sintéticos. RESULTADOS: Houve boa evolução em 20 pacientes, com óbito em um dos casos. CONCLUSÃO: Conclui-se que a estenose supravalvar pulmonar pós-operação de Jatene para transposição das grandes artérias teve prevalência de 20,9 por cento. Uma vez identificada e com indicação de tratamento, pode ser tratada cirurgicamente com baixa mortalidade, mediante diferentes técnicas cirúrgicas. Para prevenir a ocorrência de estenose, propõem-se ampla dissecção e liberação dos ramos pulmonares, anastomoses amplas, remendos amplos de pericárdio autólogo e cuidado na reconstrução da neoaorta, evitando compressão da neopulmonar.

BACKGROUND: The Transposition of the Great Arteries is the most frequent congenital cyanogenic cardiopathy in the neonatal period, corresponding to 7 percent of all congenital cardiopathies. Among the operations for surgical treatment, the Jatene operation, with arterial correction, is the treatment of choice. During the late postoperative evolution, some problems were observed, with the most common being the occurrence of supravalvular stenosis at the neopulmonary, regardless of the type of surgical technique used. OBJECTIVE: To study and analyze the prevalence of stenosis, as well as describe the surgical treatment and propose technical maneuvers to prevent its onset. METHODS: Of the 553 patients that underwent surgery, 409 were discharged from the hospital and 281 had late follow-up; 59 (20.9 percent) presented different degrees of supravalvular pulmonary stenosis and 21 had a mean gradient > 60 mmHg, needing surgical treatment. Depending on the location and anatomy of the stenosis, the surgical treatment consisted of the use of different techniques, such as the enlargement of stenosis areas with bovine pericardium patches, resection of stenotic areas and termino-terminal anastomosis, replacement of retracted patches and synthetic tubes. RESULTS: Twenty patients presented good evolution and only one patient died. CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that the supravalvular pulmonary stenosis, post-Jatene operation for Transposition of Great Arteries, had a prevalence of 20.9 percent; once identified and with indication for treatment, it can be treated surgically with low mortality levels, through different surgical techniques; to prevent the occurrence of stenosis, ample dissection and release of the pulmonary branches, double anastomoses, large patches of autologous pericardium and careful reconstruction of the aorta are proposed, which prevents the compression of the neopulmonary.

Postoperative atrial fibrillation following coronary artery bypass graft: clinical factors associated with in-hospital death.

OBJECTIVE: To identify factors associated with a higher likelihood of in-hospital death in patients submitted to coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) who developed atrial fibrillation (AF) postoperatively. METHODS: The authors analyzed data from 397 consecutive patients submitted to CABG that developed AF postoperatively between 2000 and 2003. The patients were divided into 2 groups: group 1 (G1) comprised patients who survived (n=369); and group 2 (G2) comprised patients who died during hospital stay (n=28). Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t test and chi-square test, and p values < 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: A comparative analysis between G1 and G2 showed that there was no difference between the groups as regards age (67.3 +/- 8.4 versus 69.3 +/- 9.6; p = 0.4), male gender (75.9% versus 64.3%; p = 0.1), systemic arterial hypertension (75.3% versus 85.7%; p = 0.2) and congestive heart failure (17% versus 17%; p = 1). Group 2 presented higher rates for previous acute myocardial infarction (14.6% versus 28.6%; p = 0.05), left ventricular ejection fraction < 40% (12.2% versus 32.1%; p = 0.003), previous cerebrovascular accident (0.8% versus 17.9%; p = 0.03), previous percutaneous coronary intervention (19.5% versus 39.3%; p = 0.01) and previous CABG (19.3% versus 35.7%; p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: Clinical history of acute myocardial infarction, CABG, percutaneous coronary intervention, cerebrovascular accident and severe ventricular dysfunction were significantly more frequent in the group that died during hospital stay, which suggests a possible association of these factors with a higher likelihood of death following CABG.

Fibrilação atrial no pós-operatório de cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio: características do perfil clínico associadas a óbitos hospitalares / Postoperative atrial fibrillation following coronary artery bypass graft: clinical factors associated with in-hospital death

OBJETIVO: Identificar fatores associados à maior chance de óbitos hospitalares em pacientes submetidos a revascularização cirúrgica do miocárdio (RM), que tenham apresentado fibrilação atrial (FA) no pós-operatório. MÉTODOS: No período de 2000 a 2003, foi analisada uma série consecutiva de 397 pacientes submetidos a RM que desenvolveram FA no pós-operatório. Esses pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos (G), sendo o G1 formado pelos pacientes que sobreviveram (n=369) e o G2, por aqueles que faleceram na fase hospitalar (n=28). Foram realizados os testes t de Student e do qui-quadrado, sendo p significativo quando < 0,05. RESULTADOS: A análise comparativa entre o G1 e o G2 demonstrou não haver diferença entre os grupos quanto a idade (67,3 ± 8,4 anos vs 69,3 ± 9,6 anos; p = 0,4), sexo masculino (75,9 por cento vs 64,3 por cento; p = 0,1), hipertensão arterial sistêmica (75,3 por cento vs 85,7 por cento; p = 0,2) e insuficiência cardíaca congestiva (17 por cento vs 17 por cento; p = 1). O G2 apresentou maiores taxas de infarto agudo do miocárdio prévio (14,6 por cento vs 28,6 por cento; p = 0,05), fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo < 40 por cento (12,2 por cento vs 32,1 por cento; p = 0,003), acidente vascular encefálico prévio (0,8 por cento vs 17,9 por cento; p = 0,03), intervenção coronariana percutânea prévia (19,5 por cento vs 39,3 por cento; p = 0,01), e revascularização cirúrgica do miocárdio prévia (19,3 por cento vs 35,7 por cento; p = 0,03). CONCLUSÃO: Antecedentes de infarto agudo do miocárdio, RM, intervenção coronariana percutânea, acidente vascular encefálico e déficit ventricular grave foram mais freqüentes no grupo que faleceu na fase hospitalar, sugerindo possível associação entre esses fatores e maior chance de óbito no pós-operatório de RM.

OBJECTIVE: To identify factors associated with a higher likelihood of in-hospital death in patients submitted to coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) who developed atrial fibrillation (AF) postoperatively. METHODS: The authors analyzed data from 397 consecutive patients submitted to CABG that developed AF postoperatively between 2000 and 2003. The patients were divided into 2 groups: group 1 (G1) comprised patients who survived (n=369); and group 2 (G2) comprised patients who died during hospital stay (n=28). Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t test and chi-square test, and p values < 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: A comparative analysis between G1 and G2 showed that there was no difference between the groups as regards age (67.3 ± 8.4 versus 69.3 ± 9.6; p = 0.4), male gender (75.9 percent versus 64.3 percent; p = 0.1), systemic arterial hypertension (75.3 percent versus 85.7 percent; p = 0.2) and congestive heart failure (17 percent versus 17 percent; p = 1). Group 2 presented higher rates for previous acute myocardial infarction (14.6 percent versus 28.6 percent; p = 0.05), left ventricular ejection fraction < 40 percent (12.2 percent versus 32.1 percent; p = 0.003), previous cerebrovascular accident (0.8 percent versus 17.9 percent; p = 0.03), previous percutaneous coronary intervention (19.5 percent versus 39.3 percent; p = 0.01) and previous CABG (19.3 percent versus 35.7 percent; p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: Clinical history of acute myocardial infarction, CABG, percutaneous coronary intervention, cerebrovascular accident and severe ventricular dysfunction were significantly more frequent in the group that died during hospital stay, which suggests a possible association of these factors with a higher likelihood of death following CABG.

Evolução clínica tardia de pacientes multiarteriais tratados por revascularização percutânea e cirúrgica / Late clinical outcome after coronary stenting versus bypass surgery in patients with multivessel disease

cirurgia em relação à ocorrência de eventos cardíacos maiores, embora novos procedimentos de revascularização sejam mais freqüentes nos primeiros. Objetivo: Avaliar os resultados a longo prazo da revascularização percutânea com o implante de stents coronários versus a cirurgia no tratamento da doença multiarterial, verificando a incidência de morte, infarto do miocárdio (IAM), acidente vascular encefálico (AVE) e a realização de novas intervenções.Método: Estudo randomizado realizado no período de abril/ 1997 a junho/1998, no qual foram incluídos 66 pacientes multivasculares submetidos ao implante de stents não farmacológicos (33 P) e à cirurgia (33 P). Resultados: Ao final de um período médio de acompanhamento clínico de 8 anos, constatamos que não ocorreram diferenças significativas na sobrevivência livre de eventos cardiovasculares maiores (morte, IAM e AVE), nos 2 grupos: stent ­ 74% x cirurgia ­ 85,1%; p=NS. Procedimentos adicionais de revascularização foram mais freqüentes no pacientes tratados com stents, comparativamente àqueles tratados pela cirurgia (respectivamente, 15 P - 45% x 5 P - 15%; p=0,01). Como conseqüência destes resultados, a sobrevivência livre de todos os eventos, inclusive nova revascularização, foi significativamente menor no grupo percutâneo versus o cirúrgico (49% x 80,5%; p=0,0082). Conclusão: A revascularização com o implante de stents não farmacológicos, no tratamento da doença multiarterial, oferece o mesmo grau de proteção contra eventos cardiovasculares maiores, quando comparada à cirurgia. Contudo, a sobrevivência livre de todos os eventos a longo prazo foi significativamente menor nos pacientes tratados percutaneamente, devido à necessidade mais freqüente de novos procedimentos de revascularização.

Background: Patients with multivessel disease treated percutaneously have similar outcomes when compared to those submitted to surgical procedures in terms of major cardiac events, although the former require new revascularization procedures more frequently. Objective: To assess longterm clinical outcomes after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) for the treatment of multivessel disease versus surgical procedures to treat multivessel disease determining death, AMI, and stroke incidence rates, as well as new interventions. Methods: A randomized study carried out between April, 1997 and June, 1998 included 66 patients submitted to nondrug eluting stenting (33P) and surgery (33P). Results: Clinical follow-up results after 8 years have shown no significant difference between the two groups in terms of survival free of MACE events (death, stroke or AMI): STENTING: 74% X CABG: 85.1%; p= not significant). Additional revascularizations were more frequent in the stenting group as compared to the surgery group (15 P - 45% x 5 P - 15%, respectively, p=0.01). Consequently, survival rates without MACE and repeated revascularization was significantly lower in patients assigned to stenting when compared to those assigned to CABG (49% x 80.5%, respectively, p=0.0082). Conclusion: Percutaneous revascularization with non-drug eluting stenting for the treatment of multivessel disease offers the same degree of protection against MACE (death, stroke and AMI) as compared to CABG. However, stenting is associated with a greater need of repeated revascularization and lower total event-free survival rates.

The behavior of Troponin I and CKMB mass in children who underwent surgical correction of congenital heart malformations

OBJETIVO: Analisar o comportamento da troponina I (TROP I) e CKMB massa (CKMBm) conforme a adiçäo ou näo de magnésio (Mg) na cardioplegia e a influência dos fatores operatórios. MÉTODO: Foram estudadas 28 crianças com a idade de 3 a 108 meses, peso médio de 11,8 kg, sendo 18 do sexo masculino, divididas em dois grupos, 16 no grupo I (GI) e 12 no grupo II (GII). O GI recebeu soluçäo cardioplégica sangüínea fria com Mg 12 mEq/L e cloreto de potássio 20 mEq/L na dose de 20 mL/kg. O GII recebeu a mesma soluçäo sem o (Mg). Foram coletadas seis amostras de sangue para a dosagem sérica de TROP I e CKMBm: pré-pinçamento da aorta e com 1, 6, 24, 48 e 72 horas após o término do pinçamento da aorta. RESULTADOS: Os resultados demonstraram que näo houve diferença estatisticamente significante nos níveis TROP I e CKMBm, entre GI e GII. Dentre os fatores operatórios, a cianose influenciou nos níveis de TROP I e CKMBm, enquanto que o tempo de pinçamento da aorta (TPA) influenciou nos níveis de TROP I. CONCLUSÕES: A adiçäo de Mg na soluçäo cardioplégica näo esteve associada com níveis diferentes de TROP I e CKMBm. A cianose e o TPA interferiram no pico de TROP I.

Surgical treatment of partial atrioventricular septal defect: functional analysis of the mitral valve in the postoperative period.

OBJECTIVE: To study mitral valve function in the postoperative period after correction of the partial form of atrioventricular septal defect. METHODS: Fifty patients underwent surgical correction of the partial form of atrioventricular septal defect. Their mean age was 11.8 years and 62% of the patients were males. Preoperative echocardiography showed moderate and severe mitral insufficiency in 44% of the patients. The mitral valve cleft was sutured in 45 (90%) patients (group II - GII). Echocardiographies were performed in the early postoperative period, and 6 and 12 months after hospital discharge. RESULTS: The patients who had some type of arrhythmia in the postoperative period had ostium primum atrial septal defect of a larger size (2.74 x 2.08 cm). All 5 patients in group I (GI), who did not undergo closure of the cleft, had a competent mitral valve or mild mitral insufficiency in the preoperative period. One of these patients began to have moderate mitral insufficiency in the postoperative period. On the other hand, in GII, 88.8% and 82.2% of the patients had competent mitral valve or mild mitral insufficiency in the early and late postoperative periods, respectively. CONCLUSION: The mitral valve cleft was repaired in 90% of cases. Echocardiography revealed competent mitral valve or mild mitral insufficiency in 88.8% and 82.2% of GII patients in the early and late postoperative periods, respectively.

Tratamento cirúrgico do defeito do septo atrioventricular de forma parcial. Análise funcional da valva mitral no pós-operatório / Surgical treatment of partial atrioventricular septal defect. Functional analysis of the mitral valve in the postoperative period

OBJECTIVE - To study mitral valve function in the postoperative period after correction of the partial form of atrioventricular septal defect. METHODS - Fifty patients underwent surgical correction of the partial form of atrioventricular septal defect. Their mean age was 11.8 years and 62 percent of the patients were males. Preoperative echocardiography showed moderate and severe mitral insufficiency in 44 percent of the patients. The mitral valve cleft was sutured in 45 (90 percent) patients (group II - GII). Echocardiographies were performed in the early postoperative period, and 6 and 12 months after hospital discharge. RESULTS - The patients who had some type of arrhythmia in the postoperative period had ostium primum atrial septal defect of a larger size (2.74 x 2.08 cm). All 5 patients in group I (GI), who did not undergo closure of the cleft, had a competent mitral valve or mild mitral insufficiency in the preoperative period. One of these patients began to have moderate mitral insufficiency in the postoperative period. On the other hand, in GII, 88.8 percent and 82.2 percent of the patients had competent mitral valve or mild mitral insufficiency in the early and late postoperative periods, respectively. CONCLUSION - The mitral valve cleft was repaired in 90 percent of cases. Echocardiography revealed competent mitral valve or mild mitral insufficiency in 88.8 percent and 82.2 percent of GII patients in the early and late postoperative periods, respectively

Comunicaçäo interatrial do tipo seio coronário, comunicaçäo interventricular e ausência de veia cava superior esquerda / Coronary sinus atrial septal defect and ventricular septal defect with no left superior vena cava

Relatamos um caso raro de um paciente de 21 meses, portador de comunicação interatrial do tipo seio coronário, associada a comunicação interventricular perimembranosa, e ausência de veia cava superior esquerda. O diagnóstico foi realizado através da ecocardiografia e confirmado pela angiografia. O paciente foi operado sem intercorrências, ambos os defeitos foram fechados com patch de pericárdio bovino e o fluxo das veias coronárias ficou direcionado para o átrio esquerdo. Um ecocardiograma mostrou ausência de shunt residual através dos defeitos.

Anastomose mamária-coronária: análise de 2923 casos / Mammary coronary anastomosis: analysis of 2923 cases

Foi a partir de 1972 que, no Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, se iniciou o emprego da anastomose mamária-coronária associada, ou näo, a pontes de safena, ou a outros procedimentos. Nessa época, apenas a artéria mamária interna esquerda (MIE) foi usada (57 casos) para a revascularizaçäo de descendente anterior (DA) ou diagonal. No período 1973/1974 (386 casos), já ocorreram as primeiras anastomoses seqüênciais AMIE-DA/DA, assim como a artéria mamária interna direita (AMID) passou a ser empregada para ramos diagonais. Com a finalidade de verificar a evoluçäo tardia desta técnica, sua aplicaçäo foi praticamente interrompida, entre 1975.1982, restringindo-se apenas 43 casos, nesse período. Entretanto, a partir de 1982 até junho de 1986, ocorreu significativo incremento na sua aplicaçäo (2374 casos), sendo que, desde entäo, a quase totalidade (93%) das cirurgias de revascularizaçäo do miocárdio tem uma ou mais coronárias tratadas com anastomose mamária-coronária. A cmbinaçäo masi freqüente é AMIE/DA nos casos de mamária isolada e AMIE/DA e AMID/MG Cx nos casos de dupla mamária. Contudo, observaram-se, na casuística, as mais variadas combinaçöes (71) e associaçöes, abrangendo, praticamente, todas as artérias coronárias. Analisando-se o pós-operatório imediato de um grupo isolado de 177 pacientes operados em 1984, observou-se que esta técnica näo influiu na ocorrência de discência parcial, ou total, de esterno, em reoperaçäo por sangramento; todavia, ocorreram, em 25% dos casos, elevaçäo transitória da cúpula frênica, atelectasia em 17% e derrame pleural residual em 27,6%, geralmente concomitantes. Em relaçäo à evluçäo tardia, num grupo de 754 pacientes com mamária e safena e com evoluçäo até 9 anos, em 924 (71,8%) dos enxertos reestudados, constataram-se índices de permeabilidade de 91,5% nas mamárias versus 70,6% (826) das pontes de safena. Em outro grupo (102 pacientes), com evoluçäo entre 5 a 10 anos, apenas com mamária isolada, em 55 reestudos constataram-se 94,4% (50) de mamárias permeáveis e 5,6% (3) de ocluídas. A mortalidade intra-hospitalar, nos 2923 casos, foi de 3,45%